There are primarily two criteria for exclusion that researchers apply to reduce the number of substances: efficacy and safety. Measuring these is a complex matter: the methodology ranges from computer simulations through testing with bacteria, cell and tissue cultures to tests in isolated organs. When all other avenues for testing have been exhausted, animal experiments are used. Every study involving animals must be approved by the cantonal veterinary authorities, who refer to the recommendations of the independent cantonal committees for animal experiments before deciding whether to grant approval, often with conditions, or not. For the protection of patients against serious side effects, animal experiments are required by law, before any clinical trials can be conducted. These regulatory animal experiments allow researchers to establish whether a substance is toxic and how long and how potent its effect is. A toxic substance can trigger diseases or cause genetic damage. From an ethical standpoint, therefore, a risk of this kind is unacceptable in the treatment of humans. The efficacy of vaccines is measured on the basis of the antibodies produced. Since current technology is not able to simulate an immune response in vitro \u2013 i.e. in a test tube \u2013 researchers must still resort to animal experiments for this, as animal experiments allow interactions of a substance to be studied in live organisms.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
7. Preclinical testing of safety and efficacy There are primarily two criteria for exclusion that researchers apply to reduce the number of substances: efficacy and safety. Measuring these is a complex matter: the methodology ranges from computer simulations through testing with bacteria, cell and tissue cultures to tests in isolated organs. When all other avenues […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1040,"menu_order":6,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/unterthema.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-992","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n